长期以来，政治漫画一直被用来引发公众辩论, illustrating opinions of the day for the masses. From early in the 19th century, arguments over voting rights—who votes and who counts the votes—have been depicted in cartoons, 特别是在南北战争前，插图报纸和杂志在全国范围内发行.
The 19th-century ballot box was a hand-blown glass bowl contained in a frame to make voting “transparent.他说:“这是为了消除填塞选票的行为, 但它却成了政治漫画中随处可见的象征投票权或, as in this case, the abuse of voting rights.
"A National Game that is Played Out," political cartoon, engraving by Thomas Nast. From Harper's Weekly, 23 December 1876, page 1044.
以MHS收藏以及其他图书馆和基金会出版的漫画为例, 这个展览展示了漫画家是如何帮助讲述美国投票权的故事的. In addition to many drawings by Thomas Nast, the most influential American political cartoonist in the decades following the Civil War, this exhibition features modern reinterpretations of these topics by editorial cartoonists, including Herblock (Herbert Block), Tom Toles, Bill Mauldin, and the work of current Boston-area artists.
Expanding Voting Rights
Voting as a Civil Right
Thomas Nast, a young illustrator for Harper’s Weekly, 在南北战争和重建时期，作为一名政治漫画家获得了独立的声音，并开始画同情黑人民权的漫画, including voting rights. The ratification of the 15th Amendment in 1870 did not end the struggle for voting rights. 当托马斯·纳斯特从他用笔进行的长期运动中转身离开时, others, including Henry Jackson Lewis, a Black editorial cartoonist, carried the argument forward in the 1890s. Almost 100 years after Nast drew The Georgetown Election, a cartoon in support of Black voting rights, Herbert Block (“Herblock”) reiterated Nast’s argument in his cartoons from the 1950s and 1960s.
单击旋转木马中的每个图像以获取更多信息.
"Pardon. 哥伦比亚:《我能相信这些人吗?. And Not This Man?'" [Right page]
"Uncle Sam's Thanksgiving Dinner."
《乔治城选举——投票箱前的黑人."
"The Whited Sepulchre. 用他的白帽子和白外套覆盖着耻辱纪念碑."
"To Thine Own Self Be True."
"The Ignorant Vote—Honors Are Easy."
"The Freeman’s Political Horoscope."
"Jericho, U. S. A."
赫伯·布洛克的政治漫画，1965年3月21日出版. 1965年赫布尔卡通，©赫布尔基金会 
Continuation of a March.
"The Freeman’s Political Horoscope."
亨利·杰克逊·刘易斯(Henry Jackson Lewis)展示了美国黑人在重建失败后努力克服或突破投票的物理障碍. African Americans are welcome into processions for all the major political parties except by Republicans, 到这个时候(1892年)，谁已经成为“白人政党”的成员."
"Jericho, U. S. A."
20世纪50年代和60年代由“赫布洛克”(赫伯特L. Block) for the Washington Post 在近一个世纪前，托马斯·纳斯特(Thomas Nast)等人创作的支持民权的漫画中，也出现了许多相同的主题. 他们讲述了尚未完成的黑人民权和投票权的故事，有时使用非常相似的图像.
Continuation of a March.
她庆祝林登·贝恩斯·约翰逊总统在1965年8月6日签署了1965年投票权法案. 三年后，马丁·路德·金遇刺., unleashed social unrest that undercut the optimism found in Block’s earlier cartoons.
Women's Suffrage
支持和反对妇女选举权的组织都使用了图片, including cartoons, 来支持他们相互竞争的主张，代表女性的政治观点. Cartoonists—almost all men—lampooned women reformers and the organizations that they founded, 甚至在支持妇女权利的出版物上. Suffragists were depicted either as humorless “old maids” or as wild-eyed radicals. Meanwhile, 一小部分在政治上活跃的女性漫画家和她们的男性盟友支持女性选举权.
Hugging a Delusion. Postcard by Laura E. Foster, 1915
Commissioned in 1915 by Life magazine and distributed by the New York State Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage, 这幅漫画描绘了一名妇女怀里抱着一张选票. Entitled "Hugging a Delusion,这表明，投票并不能解决女性的所有问题，而且对女性来说，投票并不像做母亲那样令人满意. In the 1910s, artist Laura Foster designed illustrations both for and against women’s suffrage. As a professional artist, she produced work to support herself regardless of her own viewpoint
"Make Way!" Cartoon by [Laura E. Foster]
女性漫画家支持或反对妇女选举权运动，有时也为支持或反对妇女选举权的出版物作画. Laura Foster, a transplanted Californian, came to New York and drew covers for Life 这讽刺了妇女参政论者的好战热情，并质疑了她们胜利的虚幻本质.
Learn more about the Suffrage movement in Massachusetts through our online web presentation, Massachusetts Debates a Woman's Right to Vote.
Voting by Mail
内战时期的漫画家和战地艺术家/记者描绘了1864年总统选举期间大量而热情的“士兵投票”. 1862年，一些北方州允许通过邮寄或代理投票，1864年，投票人数大大增加. By the time of World War I, most states had adopted civilian absentee voting as a progressive reform. However, few soldiers overseas were able to vote in 1918, and voting by mail was not an option for civilians during the influenza epidemic that year. 国会中的种族隔离主义者坚决反对为二战期间在海外服役的黑人士兵争取选举权, viewing it as a “state’s rights” issue and undermining a second great “soldier vote” in 1944.
"Soldiers Mailing Their Votes." [Detail from "Election-Day. 8th November.'] Political cartoon, engraving by Thomas Nast
Thomas Nast’s celebration of the Republican Party’s election victory in 1864 (the “Union” ticket) shows, in a vignette within the engraving, 士兵们公开把他们的选票投到“美国”.S.M[ail]” letter boxes.
1945年，比尔·莫尔丁(Bill Mauldin)凭借二战漫画获得了他的第一个普利策社论漫画奖. In his memoir, Up Front, 莫尔丁注意到，他og体育平台“士兵投票”的漫画是他在战争期间唯一一幅他认为是真正的社论漫画的画. 1944年，数百万士兵通过邮件投票, southern legislators prevented Black soldiers from participating in the election.
距离2020年大选还有六个多月, 汤姆·托尔斯预言性地写了一个标语, "Notice: Post Office Out of Business,在一幅预测缺席投票潜在问题的漫画中.
“没关系，乔……”比尔·莫尔丁的政治漫画，1944年. Reproduced in Up Front in 1945. Courtesy, Bill Mauldin Estate, LLC.
TOLES © 2020 The Washington Post. 经ANDREWS MCMEEL辛迪加许可转载. All rights reserved.
Attacking Limitations on Voting Rights
The Gerrymander
The Gerrymander by Elkanah Tisdale first appeared as a political cartoon in a Boston newspaper on March 26, 1812, 并很快被重印为带有讽刺诗的海报. The Massachusetts legislature, controlled by Jeffersonian Republicans, 重新分配州选区以支持他们的候选人. 他们的联邦党对手反击，在形状怪异的埃塞克斯县参议院选区地图上加上了翅膀, 把一个有效的政治策略变成了一个真正的怪物——一个以共和党州长命名的蝾螈状生物, Elbridge Gerry. 尽管这种做法早在这个词出现之前就存在了, “gerrymandering” is the gift of Massachusetts to the national—even international—political lexicon. Governor Gerry’s name, pronounced with a hard G, has been transformed into a soft G—“jerrymander.”
The Gerry-Mander. 年1月在埃塞克斯南区发现一新种. 1812.
Detail (with shading) from Map of Massachusetts Proper. Osgood Carleton; engraved by Joseph Callender and Samuel Hill.
不公正划分选区的传说始于1812年联邦党政治领袖和新闻记者在波士顿的一次会议. 出于对杰斐逊派共和党对手通过改变选区来操纵州选举的不满，艺术家埃尔卡纳·蒂斯代尔在埃塞克斯县新参议院选区的轮廓地图上画上了一个头像和一对翅膀，并以杰斐逊派领袖的名字命名为“不公正的选区划分”, Gov. Elbridge Gerry. 而另一幅以埃塞克斯郡为背景的马萨诸塞州地图显示，按照现代的不公正划分选区的标准，该选区并没有畸形到令人难以接受的程度, 这幅漫画震惊了公众，事实证明效果很好.
His Excellency Elbridge Gerry LL.D. governor of Massachusetts. 约翰·鲁本斯·史密斯的《og体育官网》，根据约翰·范德林的画作创作.
Is this the face that launched the manipulation of countless voting districts to gain political advantage? 一些观众看到了埃尔布里奇·格里凹凸不平的侧面, in reverse of this image, under the wing of the monster in the Gerrymander cartoon.
Gov. Gerry, 他是《og体育平台》的签署人，因为宪法缺乏对个人自由的保护而拒绝签署, 成为了一名坚定的杰斐逊派共和党人. 不管他是这个计划的发起者是为了保护民主党的利益，还是只是以他的名字命名的法案的签名者, it offered him no statewide advantage, as he was defeated for reelection in 1812.
Explore Contemporary Connection
Battle of the Gerrymanders, by E. J. Barnes, 2020
政治腐败:“数中有力。.”
许多19世纪的漫画聚焦于政治腐败——塞满投票箱和贿选——作为投票权的障碍. Thomas Nast drew his most famous cartoons in the course of his sustained attack on the Tweed Ring, named for William Marcy Tweed, who ruled New York City from Tammany Hall. As caricatured by Nast, the Tweed Ring became the embodiment of political venality. 他想象着“老板”特威德大胆地倚靠在投票箱上, 上面写着:“数中有力量?.”
当纳斯特在纽约工作时，他吸引了全国的观众. There were Massachusetts political figures tarnished by corruption—Benjamin F. 尤其是巴特勒——他们太(不)吸引人了，不能不被漫画化. In his cartoons, Nast also called out the hypocrisy of liberal reformers including Charles Francis Adams, who was depicted as the iceberg upon which Massachusetts Democrats wrecked in 1876.
Explore Contemporary Connection
Tide of Opinion, by David Friedman, 2020
The Electoral College
直到1876年海耶斯-蒂尔登总统选举的争议结果, 很少有早期的“选举团”漫画. These cartoons, for the most part, do not address the role of the Electoral College in constraining voting rights. 漫画家们抗议的是政治欺诈，而不是将总统选举交给选举人“团”而不是人民普选的根本制度.
In more recent times, editorial cartoonist Herblock returned to the topic of the Electoral College during presidential campaigns. 他的漫画警告了选举团产生的选举结果可能与普选结果不一致的危险. Although there were some close calls, 2000年，在他漫长的职业生涯结束时，他的预言应验了, when George W. Bush, the winner of the electoral vote, defeated Albert Gore, who captured the popular vote.
"Compromise—Indeed!"
"A National Game That is Played Out."
“Whew! Can’t We Find Some Other Route?”
我不赞成民主和美利坚合众国这样的新奇想法.
赫伯·布洛克的政治漫画，1979年7月10日出版. 1979年的Herblock卡通，©The Herb Block Foundation 
“很明显，大学录取有一个‘侧门’，一些人利用这个‘侧门’进入了他们没有挣到钱的大学."
Political cartoon by Tom Toles, March 2019. TOLES © 2019 The Washington Post. 经ANDREWS MCMEEL辛迪加许可转载. All rights reserved.
“Whew! Can’t We Find Some Other Route?”
In editorial cartoons dating back to the extremely close 1960 presidential election, Herblock prophesied political disaster if the electoral vote was at odds with the popular vote. 每隔四年，他都会对可能妨碍公平总统选举的负担和障碍提出警告, 但总是回到过时的选举团制度, 在这里，他被描绘成阻碍1968年大选曲折道路的恐龙.
我不赞成民主和美利坚合众国这样的新奇想法.
Herblock continued his crusade against the Electoral College throughout his long editorial career. In 1979,在总统竞选中，罗纳德·里根以压倒性的普选和选举团胜利告终, Block satirized voters who did not “Hold With Newfangled Ideas Like Democracy.”
“很明显，大学录取有一个‘侧门’，一些人利用这个‘侧门’进入了他们没有挣到钱的大学."
In March 2019, 在当前的总统竞选季节之初, Tom Toles compared the Electoral College to revelations of cheating and bribery in college admissions. 总统候选人能够进入白宫, a place "they didn’t earn" by popular vote, through the side door of the Electoral College.
